%%EOF Examine the four █ in the third paragraph and indicate at which block the following sentence could be inserted into the passage: Early farming came about as people observed and experimented with plant reproduction. Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. 【Three Choices】TOEFL Independentスピーキングタスク1. Later, cows and pigs were added to the mix. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. Q.4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? 474 0 obj <> endobj 過去問演習では 『The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test with DVD-ROM, 5th Edition』 を使います。 (A)◾️ Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. █ [A] Early agriculture was restricted to a limited number of plants, namely Emmer wheat, Einkorn wheat, and barley. [4] People’s success in planting, cultivating, and harvesting these plants came about as a result not only of their increased knowledge of the plants themselves but also of the conditions for growth. [7] About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with preferential use of one hand. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. [6] Besides cultivating plants, these stone-age farmers also domesticated animals. Several categories of evidence indicate that people have always been predominantly right-handed. Agriculture appeared in different parts of the world at different times, beginning with the Levant and finally in Europe. More important than such agricultural implements, however, was the polished stone ax, which allowed the Neolithic farmers to clear forests on a large scale and open up new lands for cultivation. [3] Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Along with the adze, the ax also enabled them to work the trees they felled into the wood that was usable for building shelter and other structures. And it may be argued that the subsequent advances in all realms of society – not only the aforementioned technology but also knowledge, art, writing, astronomy – would not have emerged without a sedentary lifestyle. The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority. People learned to cultivate a number of different plants, using innovative tools and techniques. Neolithic farmers domesticated a variety of animals, which provided additional food sources as well as labor and protection. the ideal source of lighting for most engravings, the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right hand, figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand, other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handed, the right arm bone is stronger than the left, it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal, the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures. In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm. 手順4：正確に訳せない文章を精読する 5. [2] Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. They consumed much of the food surpluses generated through the cultivation of plants. there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled, artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak. Pre-agricultural societies tended to have less division of labor than farming peoples. Q1. Q.9 In paragraph [5], why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux? █ [D]. toefl リーディングで高得点を取るにはまず問題形式を覚える. 手順3：分からない単語を全て調べる 4. 今回の記事は「 toefl ibtリーディングセクションのサンプル問題 」を紹介します。 「 これからtoefl受験を考えている方 」や「 toeflのリーディング問題を一つでも多く解きたい方 」の役に立てば幸いです。 toefl ibtリーディングセクションのトピック … Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. But you can send us an email and we'll get back to you, asap. Summarize previously mentioned benefits of the Neolithic revolution. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. At first, it was sheep, goats, and dogs whose temperament, diet, and mating patterns made them good candidates for domestication. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. �Cm�Rs��8���A9����� Food surpluses led to considerable conflict both within and between agricultural societies. h�bbd```b``���7@$�ɲ,n _"���� r��dh�,]E`������䟵�L���`5�4'�30�0 ��6 Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. The phrase “depicted” in the passage [2] is closest in meaning to. People suffered from more illness as a result of poor sanitation. Their domestication predates the domestication of plant species. Q.7 The primary purpose of paragraph 7 is to. Q. %PDF-1.7 %���� [6] Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. 今回の記事は「TOEFL iBTリーディングセクションのサンプル問題」を紹介します。, 「これからTOEFL受験を考えている方」や「TOEFLのリーディング問題を一つでも多く解きたい方」の役に立てば幸いです。, TOEFL iBTリーディングセクションのトピックは、アカデミック領域に関連する内容がほとんどです。つまり高い語彙力がないと、安定したスコアが取得できないので注意しましょう。, リーディングは「少し難しい」くらいの難易度が最適です。問題が難しすぎる場合は、少し難易度を下げてリーディングの勉強しましょう！, ポイントは解答する時に「曖昧さ」を排除することです。「なんとなく」で正解した問題では勉強の意味がありません。必ず明確な理由がわかった状態で回答するようにしましょう。, PDFでプリントアウトして問題を解きたい場合は、以下のリンクよりPDFをダウンロードできます：. 1 TOEFLリーディング対策《単語帳・参考書・過去問題集》 1.1 『TOEFLテスト英単語3800CD付 4訂版』 1.2 『ETS公認ガイド TOEFL iBT®第4版 CD-ROM版』 1.3 『iBT対応 TOEFLテスト完全攻略リーディング』 2 TOEFLリーディング対策《英語塾・予備校》 2.1 Liberty English Academy People lacked diversity in the foods they ate. :\��^٧���E�z�}I�P�5��1�Kv�����5˰聢7^4*I���U�����|;d�����u�-Ki�d��k.lk An increasing number of researchers are claiming that human nutrition became worse with the Neolithic revolution. 手順5：間違えた問題 or 正解 … 質問を正しく読み解いて、類似の情報を本文から探す。くれぐれも、最初からパラグラフを読み返さないように、注意しましょう。, 基本的に英語は「But」「However」のあとは、前文を打ち消して重要な情報が書かれています。. Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left. Traditional beliefs about the adoption of agriculture have been recently transformed into what is known as a “revolution.”. Although agriculture is called a “revolution,” it turned out to be a mistake for those societies that adopted it quickly and completely. , Cows became valued for their labor, as they assisted with plowing and towing, and dogs provided protection (not only to humans but also to their crops and livestock) as well as companionship. And food surpluses, in turn, enabled a host of other social developments, like occupational specialization (since not everyone had to be involved in food production), trade, and social stratification. Nick Toth, a modem right-handed toolmaker. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? [7] That agriculture enabled hitherto unknown population growth is undeniable. (D)◾️Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as the right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. 分からなかった問題、感覚で解いた問題は、必ず説明できるまで理解できるように落とし込みましょう。, 勉強は「復習」から始まりです。他の人に説明できるレベルまで、しっかりと理解していきましょう, 指示された文章を、丁寧に訳して選択肢と照らし合わせましょう。ポイントは、以下の2つです：, But while we often call it a “revolution,” it would be a mistake to believe that agriculture was a sudden and complete development, an all or nothing proposition, 最初の「it」は、前文を指します。つまり、新石器時代の農業形態が、世界各地で進化してきたということですね。, 「believe」の目的語として機能しているのは、「agriculture was a sudden and complete development」と「an all or nothing proposition that societies adopted wholesale at the first opportunity.」の2つです。, 該当するパラグラフを最初から順に読んで、前後のつじつまが合う部分に、指示された文章を挿入します。, これらの問題も、本文を読む必要はありません。文脈から意味を推測するだけで、答えられるからです。, 語彙を知っていれば、ほぼ確実に正解することができるので、日々の単語学習が大切ですね。. People fashioned stone tools such as hoes for working soil, sickle blades for harvesting the crops, and grinding stones for processing the grains. Q11. What was the purpose of Toth’s toolmaking experiment described in paragraph [6]? 意訳すると、「石器が左右どちらかの手で使用されたか判断することができ、その特徴を過去まで追跡できる」ということです。ここだけ理解しただけでも、選択肢を絞り込むことができますね。, リーディングは「過去問を解いてしっかり復習する」ことを繰り返せば、着実にスコアが伸びていきます。違ったところや分からないところを分析して、着実にできない部分を減らしていくことが大切です。, また語彙力が不足している場合は、無理にTOEFLのリーディング問題を解くのではなく、自分のレベルにあったテキストから学習を始めましょう。いきなり難しい問題を解くと、かえって学習効率が下がってしまいます。, 「語彙」「精読」「要点理解」の3点がリーディングのスコアが伸びない大きな原因です。正しく自分の弱点を分析して、最適な勉強方法を実践しましょう！, こんにちは！ SOLO IELTS TOEFLのルークです！ 今回の記事ではIELTSとTOEFLの特徴と難しさの違いを, TOEFLリーディングセクションのInference「推論」問題の解き方を徹底解説します, TOEFL iBTのライティング対策に必要な勉強方法や、スコアアップのテクニックなどの情報を全てまとめました, TOEFLリーディングセクションのVocabulary Question「語彙問題」の解き方を解説します. █ [C] Together, these eight plant species are known as the Neolithic founder crops or primary domesticates. Q2. Q3. 上記の赤字の部分を日本語に訳すと、「利き手がその作業（口でペイントする作業）を助けた」となります。つまり、「the stenciled」は利き手ではないということが分かりますね。, 推測問題は、本文中に明確な答えとなる情報がのっていないのが特徴です。文意を正しく読み解くことで、解答率が高くなります。, 重要なことは、指定されたパラグラフのトピックセンテンスを理解することです。トピックセンテンスがわかれば、そのパラグラフ全体で伝えたいメッセージが理解できるからです。. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. They served a variety of purposes for Neolithic farmers. We're not around right now. Instead, it developed slowly, beginning as a supplement to more traditional hunting and gathering lifestyles in which people relied on plants and animals gathered or hunted in their natural environment. █ [B] Later, people learned to cultivate pulses, including lentils, peas, chickpeas, and bitter vetch, as well as the multi-purpose flax plant. has shown that prehistoric tools were knapped to fit the right hand. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when the paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencil, Q3. Signs on the skeletal remains of prehistoric figures, including arm-bone size and injury marks, imply that these are the remains of right-handed people. Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. 今回の場合は、「negative impacts of the Neolithic revolution」について、情報が羅列されている部分を読み解きます。, 要約問題は、全ての文章を読む必要はありませんが、各パラグラフの要点を理解することが求められます。, 選択肢が部分的な情報なのか、トピックセンテンスに関連する情報なのかを分類することが重要です。, リーディングは過去問を解く、しっかり復習する。ことを繰り返せば、着実にスコアが伸びていきます。, 私たちは、答え合わせをして満足しがちですが、そこで自分に厳しく、分からないことを分かるまで理解することが大切です。, TOEFLリーディングセクションのInference「推論」問題の解き方を徹底解説します, こんにちは！ SOLO IELTS TOEFLのルークです！ 今回の記事では、「TOEFLの模試を効果的に使い独学でスコ, TOEFL Independentスピーキングタスク1の出題問題の一つ「3択（Three Choices）問題」の攻略方法を紹介します, こんにちは！ SOLO IELTS TOEFLのルークです！ 今回の記事では、TOEFL iBTのリスニング攻略方法とコ, こんにちは、SOLO IELTS TOEFLのルークです。 TOEFLリーディングの「推論問題」を練習していきましょう, TOEFL iBTのIndependentライティングで結論部分（コンクルージョン）の書き方を紹介します. [1] While the use of stone tools began 2.5 million years ago, it wasn’t until about 10,000 BCE that Homo sapiens applied these tools to the deliberate cultivation of plants and animals. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively. [5] Tools themselves can be revealing. The combined result of these facts was a life expectancy that was most likely shorter than that of the apparently more primitive hunter-gatherers. Provide examples of other important developments that rivaled the Neolithic revolution in importance. Stencils of right-handed figures are characteristic of cave art in France, Spain, and Tasmania. Q.8 According to paragraph [5], what characteristic of a Neolithic spoon would imply that the spoon’s owner was right-handed? [8] Sedentary agriculture narrowed the diet of Neolithic peoples: they consumed greater amounts of starch and plant protein and fewer types of food overall.
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